Justice Process

During the past 30 long time the prison house preindication tribe has changed. 1. There has been a major Increase in the subroutine of Afri canful American and Hispanic American Inmates. 2. more(prenominal)(prenominal) Inmates come from urban beas. 3. More inmates pass water been convicted of drug-related and violent offenses. 4. Former driveway gangs regroup inside prisons and make believe raised levels of violence in many institutions. 5. The originate of everyday employee unions work improved pass awayal conditions, safety procedures, and training. E. Current focus of departwork forcet of corrections has shifted to crime control, which emphasizes the Importance of Incarceration.II. The Goals of Incarceration A. collar good examples of incarceration have been prominent since the wee 1 sass 1. The custodial model based on the assumption that prisoners have been incarcerated for the protection of society and emphasizes surety, discipline, and order subordinate th e prisoner to the authority of the warden.. This model was predominant in corrections before humans War II and dominates nigh maximum-security Institutions today. 2. The reformation model developed In the asses, It emphasizes intercession programs to reform the offender. 3.The reintegration model inked to the structures and goals of club corrections, it emphasizes maintaining offender ties to family and company. B. Correctional institutions that conform to both(prenominal) of these models can be found, simply most prisons be mainly custodial. Ill. Organization for Incarceration A. Statistics 1. prisons be operated by in all 50 put ups and the national political relation. 2. There argon 1,208 confinement facilities 85 % are line by the states. 3. 84 % of the facilities are for men only. 4. 8% are for women only. B. Federal Bureau of prisons 1.Jurisdiction of national felon law is restricted to crimes involving interstate amerce, certain(a) serious felonies s uch as fix robbery, violation of other federal laws and crimes connected on federal property. 2. Since the war on drugs in the asses, drug offenders in federal prisons make up about 56% of the inmate population. 3. Federal prisoners are often a more sophisticated hatch of criminal, from a high schooler socioeconomic class, than the usual state prisoner. 4. Federal sentencing guidelines have increase the probability of imprisonment substantially. 5.The representation of prison is highly centralized with a round of over 33,000 who supervise more than 150,000 prisoners. . The bureau operates 104 confinement facilities (see figure 10. 1). C. State Prison Systems -94% of offenders are held in confinement facilities operated by the state administration of prisons is a croak of the executive branch. 1 . The total cognitive content of a states prisons reflects the size of the states population. 2. States vary comfortably in the number, size, type, and location of punitory facili ties. 3. everywhere 435,000 pack work in state institutions. V. The fig and Classification of Prisons A. Form follows function the design of a structure should servicing its purpose. 1. During the penitentiary era, institutions were to promote penance. 2. When prison sedulousness became the focus, a different design intensify the efficiency of full treatmenthops. 3. When punishment held sway, emphasis was on the fortress-like construction that ensures security. 4. During the rehabilitation era, spick-and-spanly prisons were make in styles thought to promote discourse goals. B. Todays design There are iv basic models found in Americas prisons. 1.Radial Design Eastern, Auburn, Leavenworth, Roadway, and Trenton. 2. Telephone-pole Design most commonly use for maximum security prisons Exaggerator, Marion, fewrs, Jackson. 3. Courtyard expression mom of the newer facilities are the courtyard style. 4. Campus bolt long used for juvenile or womens facilities 5. Today prison c onstruction is greatly influenced by cost. C. Location of Prisons As in the past, most are located in rural areas. 1. Even though most prison inmates come from cities and reintegration has been the prime correctional goal, new institutions are still be built in the countryside. . Rural whites are hired to maintain urban blacks. 3. umpteen citizens believe that serious offenders should be incarceration, but not in their community (NIMBI syndrome). 4. Some economically depressed areas have elect prisons to bring in Jobs and revivalist the topical anesthetic economy D. Classification of Prisons 1. Maximum credential Prison closed custody prisons adhesive friction 35% of inmates) usually an awesome edifice with high stone walls studded with guard hovers designed to prevent escapes and to deter prisoners from harming each other. 2.Medium Security Prison hold 47% of inmates externally they resemble the maximum security prison, but organized on a different basis and atmosphere is little(prenominal) rigid and tense. 3. Minimum Security Prison holds 18% of prisoners, the least violent offenders lacks tower guards and walls. E. close prisons entrant with snobby companies to allow food and medical returns, educational and vocational training and other services. 3. Now, governments hire corporations to house prisoner in privately have facilities. 4. By midyear 2003, a total of 94,361 inmates were being held in private facilities. . The private prison business is dominated by the corrections Corporation of America and Hackett Corrections Corporation. 6. Problems with private facilities a. Differences in programming b. Costs c. business d. Legal issues 7. Corrections is a multimillion sawbuck government-funded enterprise that purchases applies, materials, and services from the private sector. 8. Private entrepreneurs argue that they can build and run prisons at least as effectively, safely, and humanely as any level of government can, at a profit and a lo wer cost to tax stomachers. 9.Private prison corporations invite to fill their cells in order to be profitable. 10. Liability of Guards?the U. S. Supreme Court say that private prison guards did not have legal protection under share 1983 and are fully liable for their actions when they enrapture a protected right. 1 1 . There are fears that the private corporations impart press to maintain high occupancy and will be interested in skimming off the best inmates, expiration the troublesome ones to the habitual correctional system. V. Who is in Prison A. Data on the characteristics of prisoners is restrict (figure 10. ). 1. A majority of prisoners are men of age(p) of 25-44 2. Members of minority groups 3. Approximately 40 percent have not spotless high school. 4. 44 percent of prisoners are rearrested with the first year of release. 5. Within 3 years, approximately 25 percent of all released inmates will return to prison. B. Elderly prisoners An change magnitude number of prison inmates are sometime(a) than 55 and eve housing, medical, program, and release service needs that differ from the In the cosmopolitan population, special housing accommodations average inmate. 1. Should be made. 2.The elderly are more belike to develop chronic illnesses such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer. 3. Prison work assignments moldiness be tailored to fit their corporal and mental abilities. 4. Preparation for release to community supervision or to hospice services study time and special efforts. 5. As people get older they become less dangerous. C. Prisoners with HIVE/AIDS In the advent years, AIDS in expected to be the leading cause of death among males aged 35 and younger with 57% of the inmates population under 35, correctional officials must make do with the problem of HIVE. . In 2001, there were more than 24,000 HIVE-positive inmates (3. 2 percent of the prison population). 2. The high rate of infection among inmates can be explained by the prisoners high risk behaviors. 3. simply 18 states test all new inmates for HIVE. D. Mentally Ill Prisoners Mass closings of macrocosm hospitals for the mentally ill began in the asses new antispasmodic drugs made treating patients in the community seem retirement only works if the drugs are taken and clinics and halfway houses go to assist the mentally ill. . Homelessness is the most public sign of the lack of programs for the mentally ill. 3. With the amplification of prisons and greater emphasis on public order offenses, arrest and incarceration have become the price many pay for their illness. E. Long Term Inmates more prisoners exercise long sentences in the US than in any other Western nation. 1. bitter sentencing policies of the last 30 years?three-strikes, authorisation minimums, truth-in-sentencing?the amount of time revered is increasing. 2.An estimated 11-15% of all prisoners (well over 100,000) will serve more than 7 years in prison. 3. semipermanent prisoners generally ar e not seen as control problems. 4. Administrators must find ship canal of making long- edge prison invigoration livable. 5. 310,000 prisoners are currently serving at least 20 year sentences. 6. for each one life sentence costs taxpayers an estimated $1 million. 7. Severe depression, feelings of hopelessness, and other health problems are common among long teeters. 8. Long term inmates are charged with less disciplinary infractions that short term inmates.