Saturday, August 31, 2019

Parts of a Newspaper Essay

A .Headline- the words are printed in a large type across the top or a news paper article to catch the reader’s attention B. Dateline- the words at the beginning of a news article that tell when and where the story was written. C. News article- in a news paper, a story about an event that has just taken place. D. Feature Article – a detailed report on a person, an issue, or an event. E. Editor – one of the people who run a newspaper F. Editorial – an article in which the Editors give their opinion on an important issue. G. International – tells you about the news across the continents. H. Business – tells you the things that are happening business-wise. (media and advertising, world business, economy, stock markets, mutual funds, etc. I. Technology – contains things that are going in and out of style in the technology world. J. Science – contains things that are happening in medical world. (e.g. outer space, environment, etc.) K. Health – talks about modern day human health and health problems. I. Sports – talks about games. (ball games, Olympic games, SEA games, etc.) M. Education – contains the trend n the world of education. (students’ Achievement, schools, etc.) N. Weather – contains the weather for the day O. Obituaries – contains people who passed away and their death should be mentioned to the community. P. Classified Ads – contains open jobs and job description plus job requirements. Other parts include: Cover Page Story, Table of Contents, Editors Pool, Entertainment, etc. Commentary is a series of giving explanations and interpretations Guidelines in Writing a Commentary: There is no recipe for doing commentaries. The elements that make up a successful commentary tend to vary and will depend on the nature of the text and on particular approaches to it. Nor is there a single ‘right answer’ to any passage for commentary. A good commentary may well consist of a number of pertinent questions raised by the passage. However, certain tendencies should be avoided: 1. A commentary should not be prà ©cis of the passage. Summary and description are not commentary. 2. A commentary should not dwell on the context of the passage and should in general avoid venturing into other parts of the work from which the extract is taken. IT should likewise avoid excursions into the wider oeuvre of the author 3. It is not necessary to write out quotations from the passage this can waste valuable time. The following points should be considered: 1. A commentary benefits by paying close attention to the use of language. 2. 2. IT is important to pay attention to the means of representation and to address not only the quest of WHAT is said but of HOW it is said. 3. There is no need to ascribe to the text a definitive meaning or structure. It is fine to problematize the text. Critique – is a method of disciplined systematic analysis of a written or oral discourse. Critique is commonly understood as fault finding and negative judgement, but I can also involve merit recognition, and in the philosophical tradition. It also means a methodical practice of doubt. The contemporary sense of critique has been largely influenced by the enlightenment critique of prejudice and authority, which championed the emancipation and autonomy from religion and political authorities. Critique is an accepted format of written or oral debate. Stating a Purpose: * It is important to state your purpose clearly at the beginning of your talk. Here are some ways to do this: * *talk about – to speak about a subject Example: I’d like to talk about our plans for the new site. * *report on – to tell you about what has been dine. * Example: I’ll be reporting on the progress we have made since last meeting. * *take a look at – examine * Example: First, let’s take a loo at what we have achieved so far. * *tell you about – to give someone information or instruction. * Example: Our reporters will tell you about what is happening in Visayas. * *show – to explain something by doing * Example: The object of the orientation is to show you how to put the theory into practice. * Outline – to give the main facts or information * Example: Give me an outline of the new policy. * *Fill you in on – to give extra or missing information * Example: I will fill you in on the details you just missed during the meeting. * *Give an overview of – to give a short description with general information but with no details. * *highlight – draw attention to or emphasize important facts. * *discuss – to talk about ideas or opinions on subject in more detail

Friday, August 30, 2019

Advertising works Essay

For this assignment we are dealing with a type of media study, which involves the features of advertising. For this assignment, we have to write a detailed and comparative review comparing the two adverts for a student studying how advertising works. We have been given a copy of an advert, which is trying to sell Kellogg’s Special ‘k’. The assignment states that we must discuss the similarities and differences between the Kellogg’s advert and an advert of our own. During the lesson we discussed the features of the Kellogg’s assignment and how different parts of the advert such as colour and font size and use of images to coax the readers to buy the product. I have structured this project in a way that shows the features of the Kellogg’s advert, then my own advert and finally the identification of the differences and similarities between the two. Kellogg’s Advert  Here I will construct a detailed analysis of the advert and the uses of its features and effects on the viewer or reader.  At first glance we can see that the advert is situated in a magazine and is spread across two A4 sheets. We have two images on the left and another on the right, followed by a paragraph of text to the right of the advert. The first image is of a women of quite a young age say around 28-32 sitting in her morning clothes on a stool holding a bowl. This is the largest of the images on the page so it is the first thing that the eye will see as the reader turns the page and sees this advert. This may well point out the age group of the audience that the advert is aimed at, woman of age between 25 and 35 who tend nowadays to take their self-appearance very seriously and the advert will use this against them to sell the cereal. The image is in colour and the woman is good looking and has perfect bodily features for example her teeth are straight and brilliant white and she is slim and is dressed as an average person would look in the morning. The editor of this advert has set the image like this for quite a few reasons The image is in colour which adds a bright and happy feeling to the advert  The woman is good looking and slim this would make the reader envy the woman but also feel happy for her, and will push the reader to find the source of the woman’s perfect features.  She is the largest image of the advert this may show that the advert is mainly aimed at woman.  And finally the woman is wearing very casual clothes and looks like she has just woken up and is eating breakfast, which presumably is the cereal the advert intends to sell. This makes the reader feel accessible to the product in other words because the lady looks like an average person, the reader will not be put off and, maybe think that this product is only for â€Å"the beautiful people†. Next on the advert is an image of a man, considerably smaller than that of the woman but this man has a tough look on his face is very well built, the man is shown with no top on emphasising his toned physique. At first glance the image doest â€Å"say† to much to the reader in terms of what that stands for, but once again related to the above point these fairly mysterious features entice the reader to read on just a little further just to find out what the images relate to. The last two images are of a spoon full of special K flakes, which is situated to the right of the advert midst all the text. This is very revealing as once you see this picture you begin to understand what the advert is describing, and the final image is of the front cover of a box of special K this small but significant image sticks in the readers mind very cleverly, as it is the last thing the person will read on the advert it will hopefully stick in their mind so that the next time they go shopping lets say they walk through the cereal isle and then as they go past the box it will instantly remind them of that advert they saw in that magazine, then once their minds start thinking and reminiscing on what they read, they will remember the pretty woman and the good looking man and this will all add up to finally convincing the reader to buy it and this is the long term result the owners of Special K are looking for. Following on from the subject of images we then smoothly come into the part about â€Å"Text/Lexis†. Playing probably one of the most important roles of the entire advert, catchy one liners and titles and also thought provoking paragraphs assist the images in selling the product. We have four main sections of text on the entire page; we have one main heading a quote and two paragraphs of writing. First up is the title, which is situated bang in the middle of the page and reads â€Å"Stay Special†. Now there are quite a few analytical comments to make about this title, this particular title contains a considerable amount of potential which I am going to slowly explain. At first glance the reader will pick up on the size of the font and the colour, one word is black the other red, the text is big and bold and straight to the point just what is needed to get the message across quickly and efficiently, the word â€Å"stay† is printed in black and has been placed, on top of another background image of a fridge, but do not be fooled, that image is not there for no reason the handle of the fridge † coincidently runs underneath the word â€Å"stay† doubling as an underlining effect, very clever! The word â€Å"special† in red, this is a colour coordinating effect that makes the reader believe that by eating this cereal you will stay special. What it is referring to is the image of the woman, special is merely referring to the woman’s physical appearance, she is fit in good shape and has good looks, all the components needed for the specified audience of this advert, women who are on the search for a man, (this is where the picture of the man will kick in) also very cleverly constructed is the positioning of the title, although to the casual reader it may seem like a bad printing job, but the word special has been purposely positioned to lie across both sides of the advert, this very effective technique acts as a bridge for the readers eyes leading them onto the next page of the advert to read for more, the readers are oblivious to this but find themselves already reading the next page, the word special has been carefully selected, as it coincides with the name of the product â€Å"SPECIAL K†, which has been colour coordinated to match the colour of the name of the box. So on reading that title the reader is lead straight onto the next piece of text, the quote.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Chamonix in the French Alps Essay

Show how Mary Shelley achieves effects through the skilful use of settings in â€Å"Frankenstein†.  I am going to explore how Mary Shelley uses settings and locations to great effect in her novel Frankenstein.  Mary Shelley was born in 1797 and was an only child. Her father was a novelist and her mother was a feminist. However her mother died only ten days after she was born. This meant Mary did not receive much emotional support or nurture as a child. In her teens Mary ran away with the poet Percy Shelley across Europe. They visited Switzerland and stayed at the Villa Diodati near Lake Geneva, the home of poet Lord Byron. Whilst there it rained constantly and many storms passed by with lots of thunder and lightening. The occupants decided to have a competition to write a story and this is where Mary Shelley began to write â€Å"Frankenstein†, aged only 19. The book begins with the explorer Robert Walton and his crew trying to find a passage through the North Pole. He then discovers a despaired Victor Frankenstein on the ice sheets. After being rescued, Victor begins to tell his story. His story starts with his childhood in Geneva, then going to university in Ingoldstadt and making the creature there. Then he talks of escaping it by going to Chamonix in the French Alps. The book ends with Victor chasing the creature to the North Pole where Victor meets Walton.  I think the inclusion of the North Pole at the start of the book works well because it fits well with the creature that Frankenstein creates. The North Pole and the creature are both mysterious and isolated. Additionally Walton is trying to overcome the North Pole just like Victor is trying to cope with the creature. The use of Robert Waltons’ letters also make the story seem more plausible Victor Frankensteins’ house in Geneva, where he grew up, is almost the complete opposite of the North Pole. His house has a happy and friendly atmosphere. It is also a spacious and relaxing. The description of ‘blue laked and snow clad mountains’ and ‘scene so beautiful and heavenly’ must have been so welcoming to Victor after spending time studying at university in Ingoldstadt where he created the creature in his lab. When Victor tries to escape from the horror of his creature and its actions he runs off to Chamonix, in the French Alps. However the creature follows him here and tells his story. I think Chamonix is a clever location for this part of the book because it fits in well with feelings of the characters. For example Victor is isolated and defenceless just like the baron landscape and the Creature is angry and aggressive like the hostile environment. Also it is described as ‘rising like the waves of a troubled sea’ which shows also that Victor is still troubled by what might happen. This is another example of sympathetic background, when the characters mood is reflected in the setting. The book ends with Victor pursuing the creature across Europe, Russia and eventually back to the North Pole where they meet Robert Walton. This is a fitting end to the book because it brings the book full circle back to the beginning. It is also the extreme conditions of the North Pole that finally force Victor to his death. They also destroy the moral of Waltons’ crew so much they force him to turn around. The North Pole defeats all the people there.  In conclusion I think that Mary Shelley uses sympathetic background as a key effect in the book in order to make the book more interesting realistic. Also she drew on her own experiences of life and where she had been to add to the vivid detail in order to enhance the book further.

Gender Based differences and management style Research Paper - 1

Gender Based differences and management style - Research Paper Example The Author has therefore explored the challenges of stereotyping gender and the levels of the stereotypes among different communities. The author has therefore considered the role that culture plays in the beliefs of stereotypes. The author of this book has therefore outlined the different issues as the stereotypes are evident. The Author has based his views on the analysis of the texts which has formed the foundation of his arguments. The author of this book has therefore discussed the three different perspectives which the author believes are the most common and compelling ones. The author has discussed the gender conscious among the different cultural communities, whether the communities recognize gender or they are gender blind and the perception (Johnsen, Maznevski & Schneider, 23). The Author asserts most communities wants to believe when the reality is created through seeing. The main idea of the book is that it outlines the gender differences in leadership. The write of this book has examined the differences in gender across cultures, and how the management principles and tactics are influenced by these diversities. This book hold the view that this diversity and differences in gender and leadership may influence a company’s initiatives, policies and other principles making them even more diverse. In this perspective, the writer of this book advocates for the differences in gender within the leadership of a company especially the top management teams. The author of this book actually asserts that the differences in gender plays an important role in diversifying the company’s planning and hence the company would be capable of including both the long term goals as well as the short term goals which are very important. It is also important to note that the company would escape overlooking certain areas that might be important for the company in

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Is effectively reducing production costs a driving force for the shift Research Paper

Is effectively reducing production costs a driving force for the shift of Manufacturing from China to the USA - Research Paper Example Examples of these costs are labor cost, transportation costs and supply chain risks. Increase in the cost of production has made the businesses to move near to their customers or moving back home where the production costs will be lower (Shephard, pg.67). There are numerous specific drivers which may be either external or internal to china and which are forcing manufactures to seek another production locations; the major one is the increasing competition for talents and labor costs. The biggest advantage for china was that it had cheap labor though that benefit is dwindling. So the increase in labor costs has become a major challenge for the companies which are operating in china these is because every fast growing and foreign company in china are all competing for employees who are qualified mainly those employees who have skills thus making it difficult for business to entice and maintain top talents. The increase in labor costs has reduced profits of the manufacturers significantly (Janoski and Darina, pg 115). There are also other costs which have increased too. The costs of real estates have increased nearly at manic rates due to the government institutions which have delegated minimum land charges. Other factors like electricity costs has also increased and the rate of corporate tax has raised to 25% from 15%, also the tax associated incentives has disappeared or it has not been easy to obtain. Increase cost of these inputs of production has made it difficult for the businesses to operate in china which has decreased the profits. The other cost which is related to production of manufacturers in china is the risk which is associated with the protection of intellectual property. Foreign companies which have been operating in china have been in worry of guarding their intellectual property despite the significant attention it has been receiving only a

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Reflection on Multicultural Teamwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflection on Multicultural Teamwork - Essay Example Moreover, incorporating different personalities in a group has never been easy especially where different cultures are involved. Issues of discrimination, low contribution, inferiority complex, poor interpersonal skills, and other relevant demerits clearly hamper the success of any group participation. In the second coursework assignment on Tesco, I worked together, conducted a research, and made a presentation in a multicultural group. This essay will henceforth reflect on what happened in my group and discuss what I learnt about working in multicultural groups in the future.  In doing this, the essay will seek to answer various questions that relate to the working in the multicultural groups. Membership The members in my group came from diverse cultures. The different cultures manifest from their different areas of origin as this was an international class. However, the selection of the members to this group was somehow professional and equally friendly. Indeed, all the members w ere from one class, some selected randomly, others depending on their intellectuality, others to embrace cultural diversity, while others were just friends. At the start, we did not know each other well subject to the diverse selection criteria but upon introduction, team building, and a few meetings we were able to understand one another well. Teamwork Indeed, all the members were equally concerned on the task and were eager to succeed in it. As such, we discussed on how to work together by highlighting what we need, our individual capabilities and weaknesses, and our different cultures before engaging in the task. In addressing matters of leadership, we had an interim coordinator who coordinated all the activities of the group. We also had a secretariat that recorded our observations, findings, and conclusions. However, every member was responsible of all the activities of the group. In delegating duties, we put into consideration various individual qualities, capabilities, and kn owhow. Since was relevant in ensuring full participation in the group in all aspects of life. While some members were good in research, others were good in organization, others in leadership and interpersonal communication and vice versa. These attributes determined what role one was to take. Subject to our cultural diversity, the group chose to use universal communication language, English although we still had members who would interpret various languages. Moreover, the group relied on interpersonal skills for effective communication. The group drew and restricted its operations to a well-defined timetable. This was effective in keeping deadlines and planning. The group coordinator had immense skills in ensuring that the members stick to the time limits. Moreover, individual concentration kept the group within the timeframe. In case of conflicts and issues as they sometimes came up, the group coordinator and other members with good leadership and mediation skills resolved the matt er and in extreme cases, we consulted the tutor. Although we used our timecard to check on our progress, our tutor consequently made numerous visits and checks on the groups’ progress in addressing the task. Indeed, the tutor’s input kept us on the right track. Challenges in the Team Work Indeed, there were various challenges to the group work subject to the complexity of the task,

Monday, August 26, 2019

Case study on neisseria meningitidis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On neisseria meningitidis - Case Study Example It is a human specific pathogen and is gram negative and aerobic in nature. The bacterium is enveloped with a carbohydrate capsule that is covered with polysaccharides attached to its surface. The chromosome of neisseria meningitides has a chromosome 2.0 and 2.2 mega base and contains about 2000 genes. According to CDC (2012)â€Å"Neisseria species, such as N. lactamica. The organism has both an inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane, separated by a cell wall’ the outer membrane contains several protein structures that enable the bacteria to interact with the host cells as well as perform other functions. When the meningitis progresses it invades the subarachnoid space of the brain and thus cause inflammation of the meninges. But before this enters this space, they multiply significantly within the blood stream. According Klee (2000,pg .2083-95)â€Å"Neisseria meningitidis colonizes the nasopharynx, from which it can seed the bloodstream before crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to cause meningitis†. The meningitis is diagnosed with the help of conventional and real time PCR assay which can detect bacterial meningitis pathogens. The PCR technology is used typically to detect the causative agent in a suspected case of bacterial meningitis. The assays concurrently works on the DNA extracted from the clinical specimen or isolate. As per Bennett (2008,pg.1764-65) â€Å"PCR-based assays for the rapid individual detection and identification of meningococcal serogroups 29E, X, and Z. The ctrA gene, exclusive to meningococci and forming part of the capsule biosynthesis locus, was chosen as the PCR target†. According to NHS(2013) â€Å"The Hibergene Meningococcal LAMP assay by HiberGene Diagnostics Ltd. is a molecular test for rapid diagnosis of meningitis or septicaemia caused by Neisseria meningitides (meningococcal). It can be used on samples of blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid†. The HiberGene Meningococcal LAMP assay uses loop-mediated

Sunday, August 25, 2019

PERSONAL EMERGENCY AND DISASTER PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PERSONAL EMERGENCY AND DISASTER PLAN - Essay Example dence of tornadoes, hurricanes, blizzards and other forms of natural disasters are becoming more frequent and more deadly each year that it now poses as a potent threat both to the personnels and students of Indiana University Bloomington because it does not only disrupt the regularity of activity in the campus but can also be destructive to life and property. Earthquakes should also not be discounted even if Indiana University Bloomington is not on a fault line. The most comon threat posed by nature to the students and personnels of Indiana University Bllomington are hurricane, tornadoes and blizzards because of their increased frequency and intensity in the Midwest which IUB is located each year that is caused by the climate change. There are also disasters which are not caused by nature and neither intentional. This are disasters caused by accidents which can also be lethal if the campus personnel and students are unprepared. Given the structure of the campus of IUB, it can be vulnerable to gas leaks and fires. There are also disasters which are becoming common these days which are neither caused by nature nor accidental but is rather intended to inflict harm to other people. These intentional threats can either be carried out by terrorists or by armed individual/s and/or active shooters. The incidence of active shooters in public places has been becoming more frequent that IUB has to prepare for such threat. For IUB community to become prepared for any disastrous eventuality, a vulnerability analysis has to be made to determine where the IUB community is vulnerable to emergencies. This analysis could be used as an input in developing a a mitigation strategies that will alleviate the effect of such disasters. Inclement weather – storms, hurricane and tornado are highly probable given their increased frequency and intensity every year. They do not only disrupt regularity in the school activity but could damage both life and properties. Fires - IUB

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Foreign Policy Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Foreign Policy Analysis - Case Study Example The policy makers viewed the decision of the US to invade Iraq as a preemptive decision based on its interests rather than the safeguard of international security and peace . The sates held that the American government aimed to broaden its notion of self-defense regardless of the state of the international security. Therefore, many states such as France and Germany did not support the war against Iraq. The international society viewed war as the last resort, and posed challenges to the US to demonstrate whether it had pursued the possible peaceful options specifically for the disarmament of Iraq . For instance, the president of France Jacques Chirac claimed that war is an admission of defeat as is the worst of the solutions. He added that states must pursue all the avenues to avoid war. As evidenced, the French leaders also condemned the preemptive war against Iraq but maintained that the disarmament of Iraq can be peaceful. For instance, Dominique de Villepin, the French Foreign Min ister held a view that Iraq can be disarmed through peaceful ways.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B2Due to the self-interests of Germany and France concerning the oil and construction industries, they opted for the support of the ultimatum of the UK/US. Further, they offered support to the war to disarmer Iraq because of the geopolitical factors such as the expressed wish of the elites to create the independent defenses and foreign polices from NATO . Moreover, the interests. For instance, the Foreign Minister of German Joschka Fischer warned.

Friday, August 23, 2019

The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love - Essay Example In the past, just like it is today, love reigned in the lovers’ hearts. However, unlike today, it was always seen as a phenomenon very distant from love and mostly a threat to the â€Å"societal order.† Precedence was given to the people’s obligation to not only their extended families, but also to the society in general and the creator. As such, love was perceived as a big interference. For instance, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in Europe, there was a strict distinction between love and marriage. Those with desires to express their true love or intimacy could only do that through adultery since marriage was purposefully instituted to fulfill obligations. There is a good example in one love story that involved a theologian (Peter Aberlard) and a mistress (Heloise). Heloise declined Aberlard’s proposal to marry her in secret because that would put her reputation in jeopardy. For her, â€Å"marriage would not only harm his career but also und ermine their love† (Coontz, 132). In most societies (for example, Greeks, Romans, Christians, and Muslims), people despised those lovers who publicly expressed their love for each other. Such an act was not only sinful but also drew people away from God. For Christian theologians, married partners who had too much love and affection for each other were seen idol worshippers. In addition, it is still considered bad, in Cameroon, to express intense love for your partner, since it is believed that this isolates couples from the rest of the society (Coontz, 132). And for those societies in India as well as Europe, it was believed that love could only exist after marriage. A well-matched couple and one with financial stability would eventually see partners experiencing a perfect love for each other. Love was considered as a benefit, and therefore, any marriage built on it would inevitably lead to sadness in life. Today, an ideal marriage is totally different.

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Stages in Consumer Decision Making Process Essay Example for Free

Stages in Consumer Decision Making Process Essay An individual who purchases products and services from the market for his/her own personal consumption is called as consumer.To understand the complete process of consumer decision making, let us first go through the following example:Tim went to a nearby retail store to buy a laptop for himself. The store manager showed him all the latest models and after few rounds of negotiations, Tim immediately selected one for himself.In the above example Tim is the consumer and the laptop is the product which Tim wanted to purchase for his end-use. Why do you think Tim went to the nearby store to purchase a new laptop ?The answer is very simple. Tim needed a laptop. In other words it was actually Tim’s need to buy a laptop which took him to the store.The Need to buy a laptop can be due to any of the following reasons: * His old laptop was giving him problems. * He wanted a new laptop to check his personal mails at home. * He wanted to gift a new laptop to his wife. * He needed a new laptop to start his own business. Look more:Â  the consumer buying process begins when essay The store manager showed Tim all the samples available with him and explained him the features and specifications of each model. This is called information. Tim before buying the laptop checked few other options as well. The information can come from various other sources such as newspaper, websites, magazines, advertisements, billboards etc. This explains the consumer buying decision process. 1. Step 1 Need is the most important factor which leads to buying of products and services. Need infact is the catalyst which triggers the buying decision of individuals. An individual who buys cold drink or a bottle of mineral water identifies his/her need as thirst. However in such cases steps such as information search and evaluation of alternatives are generally missing. These two steps are important when an individual purchases expensive products/services such as laptop, cars, mobile phones and so on. 2. Step 2 When an individual recognizes his need for a particular product/service he tries to gather as much information as he can. An individual can acquire information through any of the following sources: * Personal Sources He might discuss his need with his friends, family members, co workers and other acquaintances. * Commercial sources Advertisements, sales people (in Tim’s case it was the store manager), Packaging of a particular product in many cases prompt individuals to buy the same, Displays (Props, Mannequins etc) * Public sources Newspaper, Radio, Magazine * Experiential sources Individual’s own experience, prior handling of a particular product (Tim would definitely purchase a Dell laptop again if he had already used one) 3. Step 3 The next step is to evaluate the various alternatives available in the market. An individual after gathering relevant information tries to choose the best option available as per his need, taste and pocket. 4. Step 4 After going through all the above stages, customer finally purchases the product. 5. Step 5 The purchase of the product is followed by post purchase evaluation. Post purchase evaluation refers to a customer’s analysis whether the product was useful to him or not, whether the product fulfilled his need or not?

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

HR management Essay Example for Free

HR management Essay HR management forms a valuable and effective administration concerned mainly with working category. It evaluates the steps to be implemented to make the working category into further industrious, satisfied and happy. As an integral fraction of society of human resource management policies, the team have supported that the strategies need to encourage the companies to provide pioneering and flexible plans that are highly benefit. The work-life policies laid forward by the SHRM proved to be highly beneficial to employees. However, there are several human resource factors, which influence an organization to adopt the work-life plans as a vital division of SHRM practices and plans. Majority of the factors that stressed upon work life policies incorporates the demographic variation occurring with the prospective workforce, variation in social characteristics, role and responsibility changes in organizations and other governmental factors. Women make an essential part of almost all types of organization in the most modern era. Most of the working class woman wishes to conjointly take the responsibilities of their family as well as the employment terms. This was considered as an apparent factor that resulted in the emergence of family friendly plans. This plan was further termed as work life policies and rapidly gained importance in the area of SHRM. The next vital factor associated with demographic variation forms the ageing employees that raised the value of the work life policies. As per the plan, the aged workgroup may remain in the organization. However, they only need to work for very few hours or may change their shift timings as per their comfort. Most of the working people hold the responsibilities for bringing up their kids and take equal responsibilities for their aged parents. The plan allows even the aged people to support their children with their responsibilities. With the advance of modern technology, the labor market gets tightens and requires more and more skilled laborers. The organization needs to implement the work life policies to influence and regain employers who might have left the organization previously due to some or other cause. As per a study conducted by IRS, the most important motive behind the management to initiate the work life plan is strongly associated with recruitment of staffs as well as retention. As majority of leading organizations work on a 24 hour per day basis, increasing the working hours. However, there is strong requirement of flexible plans to cover these elaborated hours with efficiency. Surveys shows that adaptation of faster work pace has lead to organizational stress and most of the workers experience severe problems such as anxiety, stress, workload and inadequate personal time. These variations make the organizations to breach the government induced rules. Evaluating with respect to a legal outlook, all the working categories have a role on self care and protection and work life policies influence this particular concept. With the policies of work life, every employee may endorse a healthy and happy job environment and understand more about their social errands as a working personality. Thus, the policies offer high benefits to the employees as well as appropriate guidance with proper management to the employers.

Opium Trade Between British India China History Essay

Opium Trade Between British India China History Essay Opium use dates back to the seventh century. It was grown in Asia and used for its medicinal properties to cure diarrhoea and relieve dysentery and cholera pains. China was introduced to this drug by the Arabs in the ninth century. (Feige, 2008) Its medicinal properties were clearly known in the thirteenth century. Its consumption started changing from medicinal to recreational purposes during the seventeenth century. It became a threat when people started smoking it as a mix of tobacco and opium. This is when the first policy banning the smoking of opium was passed by the Chinese emperor. During the same period in India, the Mughal dynasty was extensively growing opium poppy and doing profitable trade with China and East Asia. This trade was a large source of revenue for the Mughal dynasty. As the downfall of the Mughal Empire started in 1658, the British through the East India Company took over the major cultivation and production of opium. Economics of trade The British formally started illegal trade with China in 1673. A form of triangular trade started between British, China and India where in commodities such as silver, tea and opium were bartered between the countries. This trade strategy was a smart scheme by the British to gain personal benefits. During this trade, India was merely an instrument for the British to produce the opium that they intended to sell to china in return for tea and silver which was exported to Britain. China played a major role in this trade as it was the sole producer and consumer of tea and opium involved in the trade. The East India Company occupied the Indian states of Bihar and Bengal and expanded trade through the port of Calcutta. (Zhong,2010, 86-105) Even though opium smoking was banned except use for medical reasons with licence in 1729 by the Chinese government, illegal smuggling continued. Despite these efforts opium use was increasing significantly and gradually spread from the coasts to the centre of the country. The Chinese officials had become corrupt and excepted bribes from the traders. The British took advantage of this situation and occupied the port of Canton and Macao. After this sudden increase in the use of opium, in 1796, the port of Canton was banned for trade. But this did not last for long as the British did not withdraw. The British started selling opium at the port of Calcutta to local merchants from China who illegally traded the opium into China. During 1830-1839, the entire southern coast of China was under the British monopoly. The Chinese emperor kept reiterating the policies regarding import of opium, smoking and illegal trade throughout the period from 1821 to 1838. During the later periods, death pena lties were also imposed on the illegal drug traders. (Wakeman, 1978) In Britain during this time, the parliament decided to control the trade with China directly through the Crown and not through the East India Company. Representatives from the crown went to convince the Chinese emperor to open trade at Canton and make opium trade legal. The emperor denied this and further in 1839, released a 39- article statute. This stipulated at banning opium at the ports and arresting the consumers to get to the illegal traders. It was a stricter edict that aimed at punishment of the smokers and the traders both locally or internationally. This plan failed as all the informers and officials were associated with the trade and werent ready to surrender. After many failed attempts to control the trade, the Emperor decided to send Lin Zu-xe to control the trade in the ports of canton. Lin Zu-xe took extreme steps to stop the illegal trade by burning the British opium and trying to destroy the British ships. This led to the First Opium War which lasted from 1839 to 1842. This war resulted in the defeat of Lins army and the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing. This treaty was a successful attempt by the British to take advantage of Chinas weakness and demean them further. The treaty opened various ports to the British, Chinese monopolies were removed and ultimately China was completely opened to the west. (Wakeman,1978) By 1853, the exports from china surpassed the imports by the British. The British had to look for strategies to balance out the trade in the triangular trade. They took tea, spices, silk and silver from the Chinese and in return increased the amount of opium imported. The British stressed on promoting the use of opium to increase its demand. Slowly the relations between the Chinese government and the British became extremely coarse and this led to the Second Opium War (1856-1857). The successors of the Chinese emperor also opposed this illegal trade and fought the British but in vain. The joint army of British and French fought this war and defeated the Chinese. The Chinese, humiliated again, had to sign the Treaty of Teintsin. This treaty opened some more ports to the west and also asked china to pay the victory allies silver for their victory. The Chinese protested and denied this payment. The British and French forces marched into Peking and attacked the palace. The Chinese were d efeated and signed the Treaty of Peking which finally legalized opium. (Sheng, 2007) Worst affected victim- China The Chinese government was incapable of protecting its country from this social menace and from the influence of the west which ultimately led to legalizing a dangerous drug. The fundamental forces that led to this include Chinas own weaknesses that worsened during this time and to the major influence from the British. Firstly, China as a country was devastated during the 18th century. The Chinese emperors were against foreign trade from the beginning and were true supporters of Chinese culture. They opposed any kind of trade and barter of goods with the so call western barbarians. (Sheng, 2007) But they were unsuccessful in imposing strict state policies against opium. Even though many serious edicts were issued, the illegal trade continued till it became legal in 1860. Every time the Chinese government retaliated to this kind of illegal trade, the British fought the opium wars and retained its trade monopoly by forcing the Chinese government to open its ports. Also the trade was depleting China of all its resources of silver and spices. The incapacitated Chinese government was economically and financially not able to support itself and the finances of the war that they had to legalize opium to collect taxes that would help pay for the war losses. Also, the country had to deal with floods and comm unal unrest during the same period. There was a vast difference between the rich and the poor in China during this time. The population on the coasts of china was getting richer due to the illegal trade as they sold the goods for trade at extremely high prices. On the other hand, labour class was extremely poor. They were morally and financially very weak to support themselves. They were the major proportion of population that resorted to opium use and became addicts. This addiction increased as opium was very cheap and easily available in the markets. This was when opium was used merely to forget the reality and not for any medical reasons. Even though there were various policies against opium, none of them actually worked because along with the locals, the government and military officials were also corrupt and part of this illegal trade. (Sheng,2007) Secondly, the black-market trade by the British was a driving factor for the spread of this drug. Tea had become a serious commodity for the English and they wanted to increase the imports of Chinese tea. The British captured the port of Calcutta that made it easy to exchange goods between China and India. Initially, the British took tea from china in return for opium. Later their demands were silk and spices in exchange of more opium. The British bribed and bullied china to continue and strengthen their new illicit enterprise. Whenever they sensed resistance from china they fought them to sign one sided treaties. Their major motive was to increase their revenue. The British had already occupies India and wanted complete trade monopoly with China. If they could accomplish that then they would dominate East Asia. One key ethical issue of this trade was that the British had ignored the fact that this dangerous drug was being banned in their own country even when they were illicitly trading it into China to make as much money was they could from this trade. Their visible intention was to exploit this trade in a way to gain maximum profits from it regardless of its affects on the other nation. All the opium from India was being dumped into China. Therefore, opium was a commodity for the Chinese but later it became a forced commodity which was being forced by the British. Therefore, China was facing a severe opium problem which had to be addressed internationally. It was the responsibility of the countries that had deposited tonnes of opium into China and degraded the countrys economy and culture, to amend the mistakes made over the years. The issue deserved an international response through world-wide laws on production and consumption of opiates. International conventions were finally set and laws were formulated in a global context to finally control the narcotic drugs.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

History, Language and Post-colonial Issues in Brian Friel’s Translations :: Essays Papers

History, Language and Post-colonial Issues in Brian Friel’s Translations Owen: Back to first principles. What are we trying to do? Yolland: Good question. Owen: We are trying to denominate and at the same time describe . . . † Dun na nGall or Donegal? Muineachain or Monaghan? Same place, same difference? As Owen says about his own name: â€Å"Owen - Roland - what the hell. It’s only a name.† ( Translations ) For the student of post-colonial literature, what transpires in Friel’s play as the British army proceed to map this particular corner of the empire is that like language itself, it is not so much the naming and the changing of names but what that signifies and what those names signify in a particular context, coming from a particular mouth. A simple post-colonial reading could view such events as a violation of geographic space: â€Å"Imperialism after all is an act of geographical violence through which virtually every space in the world is explored, charted, and finally brought under control.† (Said, 10), and an appropriation and subversion of identity. What makes Friel’s play so rich is the way his dialogue plays with the subtle antinomies and nuances of the situation. Can one identify a coherent imperial project, a desire to exterminate subversive Gaelic or is it the inevitable pragmatic impulse of commerce and laissez-faire economics? The practicalities of day-to-day existence are clear in Maire’s desire to learn English so she can work in America. Owen exemplifies engagement with the colonial centre in contrast to his brother, Manus. However, when the play has taken it’s tragic turn it is Owen who suffers ignominy at the command of Lancey who orders him, â€Å"Do your job - translate.† (Act 3) The translations acquire the bitter taste of complicity, betrayal and shame in Owen’s mouth. Owen also serves, potentially, as ‘mimic-man’ in his role as servant of the empire - one who, â€Å" . . .simultaneously reinforces colonial authority and disturbs it.†(Sharpe) His final exit, to find Doalty - be it to help him or hinder him - as a Yeatsian ‘man of action’, potentiates this aspect of the theoretical type. His blend of pragmatism and willingness to engage mark him as, in Saidian terms, a potentially liberating force. Manus in this binarism represents Said’s first stage of Nationalism. Jose Rabasa, in ‘Allegories of Atlas’, discusses the significance of the map in colonial and post-colonial contexts. Functioning as a mirror of the world it offers a conception of ‘a reality’, â€Å" .

Monday, August 19, 2019

Suicide Research Paper :: essays research papers

Suicide, it's not pretty. For those of you who don't know what it is, it's the 'Process' of ending ones life. Suicide is sometime seen as understandable or even honorable in certain circumstances. Such as in protests (hunger strike), as part of battle or resistance (suicide pilots(WWII), suicide bombers) or as a way of preserving the honor of a 'dishonored' person (killing yourself to save someone else). Nearly one million people world wide commit suicide each year, with anywhere from 10 to 20 million suicide attempts annually. Suicide is the eighth leading cause of death in males and the 16th leading cause of death in females. It is the third leading cause of death for people 10 to 24 year of age. Trends in rates of suicides for teens 15 to 19 years old show that from 1950 to 1990 the frequency of suicides went up by 300%. From 1990 to 2003, that rate went down 35%. Self-mutilation is one of the most common methods of committing suicide. Self-mutilation means to deliberately hurt yourself without meaning to kill someone else. Examples of self-mutilation are: cutting any part of the body (usually the wrists), self- burning, head-banging, pinching, and scratching. The effects of suicide on friends and family are often devastating. Individuals who lose a loved one from suicide are more at risk for becoming pre-occupied with the reason for it. Wanting to deny or hide the cause of death, wondering if they could have prevented it, feeling blamed for the problems that preceded the suicide, feeling rejected by their loved one, and stigmatized by others really makes friends and family feel like they?re not wanted. Survivors of suicide may feel a great range of conflicting emotions about the deceased, feeling everything from intense sadness about the loss, and helpless to prevent it. Every suicide has it?s reasons, but a lot of them aren?t so legitimate. An example of a possible trigger for suicide is a real or imagined loss, like the breakup of a romantic relationship, moving, loss of a friend, loss of freedom, or loss of other privileges. Older people are more likely to kill themselves using a firearm compared to younger people. Some people commit suicide by threatening police officers, sometimes even with an unloaded gun or a fake weapon. That is commonly referred to as ?Suicide by cop.? Although firearms are the most common way people complete suicide, trying to

Sunday, August 18, 2019

The Themes of Euripides Medea :: Euripides Medea Essays

The Themes of Medea    Medea, a play by the Greek playwright Euripides, explores the Greek-barbarian dichotomy through the character of Medea, a princess from the "barbarian", or non-Greek, land of Colchis.   Throughout the play, it becomes evident to the reader that Medea is no ordinary woman by Greek standards.   Central to the whole plot is Medea's barbarian origins and how they are related to her actions.   In this paper, I am attempting to answer questions such as how Medea behaves like a female, how she acts heroically from a male point of view, why she killed her children, if she could have achieved her goal without killing them, if the murder was motivated by her barbarian origins, and how she deals with the pain of killing her children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As an introduction to the play, the status of women in Greek society should be briefly discussed.   In general, women had very few rights.   In the eyes of men, the main purposes of women in Greek society were to do housework such as cooking and cleaning, and bear children.   They could not vote, own property, or choose a husband, and had to be represented by men in all legal proceedings.   In some ways, these Greek women were almost like slaves.   There is a definite relationship between this subordination of women and what transpires in the play.   Jason decides that he wants to divorce Medea and marry the princess of Corinth, casting Medea aside as if they had never been married.   This sort of activity was acceptable by Greek standards, and shows the subordinate status of the woman, who had no say in any matter like this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though some of Medea's actions were not typical of the average Greek woman, she still had attitudes and emotions common among women. For instance, Medea speaks out against women's status in society, proclaiming that they have no choice of whom to marry, and that a man can rid themselves of a woman to get another whenever he wants, but a woman always has to "keep [her] eyes on one alone." (231-247)   Though it is improbable that women went around openly saying things of this nature, it is likely that this attitude was shared by most or all Greek women.   Later in the play, Medea debates with herself over whether or not to kill her children: "Poor heart, let them go, have pity upon the

Saturday, August 17, 2019

The Clusters Psy

Whenever I am with my friends they are constantly telling me to be quiet because I never stop talking I Just do not like it to be quiet. I feel that I am the life of the party I also do this at work with my co-workers I Just like to talk I feel I have a mouth to express myself and be heard. Openness to experience I feel is another that describes me well because along with always thinking and talking I an very Curious to know a little about everything. I feel that I can learn about different things forever, and that I can always learn how to do something I already know a deferent more efficient way.Curiosity never hurt anyone I believe the world Is full of many mysteries and we must unlock and discover them to learn what they are. I also find myself building thing without the instructions not because I do not need them, but because I am curious to see if I can create what I am building without them. Even if do not know something on a subject I will sometimes act as if I do because I w ant to see how gullible people are, and I also know many facts about everything so it is easy to believe me.Using agreeableness I would consider myself to be ruthless and soft-hearted why, because I tend to be easygoing and am kind to people I know, but if I do not know you I am not going to be nice to you. Do not get me wrong though even with people I know I can turn on if they give me a good cause to snap on them. People who hitch for rides I feel bad for and even though I do not know them I feel I am doing a good deed for the day by offering them a ride. I will never give them money though and support their habit unless I was to take them directly to buy food.The reason for this impassion is because I have been in there shoes needing a ride and walking to my destination through rain, sleet, snow, or any whether and I feel for them. This is because I wished someone would stop for me and nobody ever did. I do not consider myself someone to make mad or do wrong to because I hold gru dges and will obtain my revenge on you I never forget those who do me wrong. I am not afraid to delete a good friend or bad friend out of my life because of a problem and issue we are facing. There are many more people that I can meet, and get to know better than hem.Like I stated before I never forget this means that I will get revenge on you eventually whether It Is In the same day, days, month, years away I will get you back. The payback that I dish out will be plenty worse than whatever you did to me also. I feel that the person I am today fits Into these categories the best when describing myself using the five traits of personality. BY Mickey's Explain, in 200 to 300 words where you think you fall within the spectrum of each. Of people tell me to be quiet I cannot help it.That is Just the type of person I am. I like to because along with always thinking and talking I an very curious to know a little always learn how to do something I already know a different more efficient way . Curiosity never hurt anyone I believe the world is full of many mysteries and we must see if I can create what I am building without them. Even if I do not know something eventually whether it is in the same day, days, month, years away I will get you back. Feel that the person I am today fits into these categories the best when describing

Friday, August 16, 2019

Break-Even Analysis

Managers must know how different costs behave as the volume of sales expands or contracts. The study of the interrelationships of sales, costs and net income is called cost-volume-profit analysis. It is a key factor in many planning decisions. The essence of cost-volume profit analysis is gaining an understanding of how costs and profits change in response to changes in volume. This study is often called break-even-point analysis. This is a mistake because break-even-point, the point of zero net income is just a part of the cost-volume-profit concept and is often only incidental to the planning decision at hand.However, it is often the starting point of the analysis and provides insights into the possible dangers of certain courses of action (Peralta, J. l979). The following situation will be used as a basis for discussion and to demonstrate the techniques of and the need for cost-volume-profit analysis. We shall assume that any cost may be classified as either fixed or variable. Fix ed costs are costs, which remain constant in total, within the current period, regardless of changes in the level or volume of activity.Variable costs are those, which are expected to fluctuate, in total, in proportion to sales, production or other measures of activity. The O-BUSH Company operates a sandwich stand at the Osama Memorial Stadium selling hotdog sandwiches during game days. The company is now in the process of negotiating for a lease of a sandwich stand at the Al Qaeda Coliseum during NBA games. The company has determined that the following costs and prices will probably characterize the new stand: Selling price per sandwich $2. 00 100% Variable expenses per sandwich:Hotdog $ 0. 75 Sandwich bread . 30 Mustard/catsup . 05 Commission to the coliseum . 10 1. 20 60% Contribution Margin . 80 40% Fixed Expenses per game day: Rental of stand $500 Wages for 8 employees at $37. 50 300 Other fixed expense 200Total $1,000 Should the company enter into a lease agreement with Al Qae da? O-BUSH will have to answer certain questions before a decision can be made. Break-Even Point Computation Question: What would be the break-even-point of the company in terms of numbers of units (sandwiches) sold and dollar of sales? At break-even point, revenue is precisely equal to costs, no profits are realized, and no losses are incurred. For the purpose of this illustration, the unit contribution approach is used.The approach is based on the fact that every unit sold generates or provides a certain amount of contribution margin that goes toward the covering of the fixed costs. The contribution margin is the excess of sales price over the variable expenses pertaining to the unit in question: Unit sales price $2. 00 Unit variable expenses 1. 20 Unit contribution margin to fixed Expenses and net profit $ . 80 To find the number of units must be sold to break-even, total fixed cost must be divided by unit contribution margin.Thus, $1,000 divided by $0. 80 is 1,250 sandwiches. If only the percentage relationship between variable expenses and sales is known, the formula can still be used to compute the break-even point in dollar sales. Sales price 100% Variable expenses 60% Contribution margin 40% Total Fixed Cost divided by contribution margin ratio equals break-even point in dollar sales. Thus, $1,000 divided by 40% is $2,500. The company must sell more than 1,250 sandwiches in order to have a profit. Reference Peralta, J. (l979). Management Accounting, An Introduction. GIC Enterprises & Co. , Inc. Manila

Indian Retail Industry

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Retailing is the process that involves of selling goods or services directly to end consumer for personal, non business use (Kotler, 2010). A retailer or retail store is an enterprise where they make volume majorly from retailing. Any firm selling its goods or services to the end consumers- whether it is manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer- is said to be retailing. It doesn’t matter how the goods or services are sold (may be by person, through mail, telephone) or where (from a store, by the street or in the user’s home).In the past, retailers secured customers loyalty by offering convenient locations, special or unique variety of goods, greater or better services than competitors. Retailers struggled in developed countries because of their saturated market and forcing them to invest in developing countries like India, China etc. And India has been ranked fifth most favourable market for foreign retailers, according to AT Kearney’s GRDI (2012). An Industrial Analysis on Retail Industry mainly concentrating on Food & Grocery is done in the project using Qualitative methods which includes PEST analysis, tracking mergers & acquisitions etc. nd Quantitative methods which include comparison among the companies and comparison with the US markets. Certain limitation was faced while searching for data but it's made sure it is from a reliable and trusted source. 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1. 1. Overview Retailing is the process that involves of selling goods or services directly to end consumer for personal, non business use. Present day consumers shop for goods and services at store retailers, non store retailers etc, but the best known retailer is the departmental store. Generally a retailer tend to buy goods or services in large quantities from manufacturers or importers hich may include a middleman (wholesaler) or may directly purchase from them and then sell those to the end – user consumer as small quantities or in in dividual items. Retailers can be considered as the end of the supply chain, because they are final means from which the consumer receives their desired goods or services. Moreover in the marketer’s point of view retailing plays a major role in the overall distribution strategy, which means that to attain an efficient supply chain management retailer is the main source to assess the actual demand in the market.Some world leading retailers are (as per Revenue):1 1. Wal-Mart (US) 2. Carrefour (France) 3. Metro (Germany) 4. TESCO (UK) 5. Lidl Stiftury (Germany) The world market is found is undergoing continuous transformation. And especially when retail market is consider, lots of innovation and cut throat competition is observed. If we consider in India the retail sector constitutes to 22% of GDP and provides 8% of employment. 2 Indian retail sector worth is found to be US$ 350 billion and is growing at a rate of 15-20%3, it is estimated that the value of the retail sector may i ncrease up to US$ 450 by 2015.This high growth rate has attracted many of the foreign investors to invest in India especially in Grocery and Apparel as a part of FDI in multi brand retail. 4 Top retailers in India are; 1. Reliance Fresh 2. Food Bazaar 1 2 www. moneycontrol. com www. ibef. org 3 Pricewaterhousecooper research 4 Deloitte research 3 3. Spencers Mart 4. More 5. Nilgiri's The organized retail sector is found to be only 5%, which shows a huge potential in retail sector and estimated to increase to 9% by 2015. Figure : 1. 1 Organized retail has huge scope of expansion Unorganized retail penetration Organized retail penetration % 9% 20% 95% 91% 80% 2011-12 2015-16 2020-21 Source: Indian retail market sep 2011, Delioitte Aranca research 1. 2. Global Scenario In the last part of 20th century, the world saw the emergence of the retail industry, majorly the supermarket found to dominant grocery retail form. And with the latest advancement in the technology like the bar code, RF ID etc. allowed a store to manage thousands of items and ‘just-in-time’ store replenishment. Computer operated logistical systems integrated with the stores assess the consumer demand in a single electronic system has led to expansion of the retail sector.But with the saturated local market, high competition pushed the major retailers into the globalization though process. And at the same time many government in the mid 1990’s have opened their economies inviting for foreign retail investors. However major issue faced is the economic slowdown that has resulted due to the uncertainty in IT sector and other financial spending. Moreover consumers themselves became much more price conscious, sensitive to price hikes and conservative in their buying, particularly in the developed economies. 4 Even though, Retail industry continues to be the world’s largest private industry with above US$ 8. trillion sales worldwide annually, this accounts nearly 10-15% of GDP f or most economies. 5 Major employer in most of the economies: ? ? ? ? 18% in US 14% in Poland 9% in China 17% in Europe Biggest retail countries in world (as per sales) ? ? ? ? ? US EU China UK India US$ 4. 7 trillion US$ 2. 9 trillion US$ 800 billion US$ 498 billion US$ 350 billon So from the above data it is evident that some developing countries like China and India made up to the top retailers in the world, which shows the huge potential for retail in these economies as major part of the retail is dominated by the unorganized sector.Retailers around the Globe; Table : 1. 1 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 Country UK Spain France Germany Italy Switzerland % of International retailers present 55 51 49 47 45 42 5 www. Livemint. com 5 7 8 9 10 Austria UAE China Russia 42 41 40 39 Source: CB Richard Ellis, 2010 The above table shows the concentration of the international retailer in to their economy, where UK topped the list and India ranked 44 in the list (as a lot of clarifications for the interna tional retailers are required).Study also concluded that developed economies are still the favourable markets for international retailers. 1. 3. Indian Scenario The retail industry in India is one of the most attracted market in the world. The major reason for this is, the market is highly unorganized. Almost 90% of the retail market is under unorganized sector where the business are run as kirana stores and family businesses. The organized sector is only less than 10% which is very low compared to other countries like US, UK etc which are having 50%-70% organized sectors.Almost all global retailers are looking out for an opportunity to enter into the Indian market as they knows the growth of the sector in India. Even though food and grocery is having the maximum market share of about 69% in the retail market, its share in the organized market is only 3% which shows the retailers who are mainly into food and grocery sector have an advantage among other retailers. The research conduc ted by Technopak reported that, in 2011 Indian food and grocery sector was estimated to be USD 325 billion that accounts for the 69% of the overall retail in India.This is expected to grow to USD 425 billion by the end of 2016 at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 5. 5%. In this, the market share of the organized food and grocery was estimated at USD 9 billion which is expected to witness a growth to USD 34 billion by 2016 at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 30%. 6 The study shows that there is an exponential growth in the Indian organized food and grocery sector in the next few years. 1. 4. Major Retailers in Food and Grocery The major retailers in India are Reliance Fresh, Spencer Mart, More, Nilgiri's and Big Bazaar.The various aspects of these retailers are explained in the following sections of this report. As the organized food sector is very small, the market shares of these retailers are pretty difficult to find. 6 http://www. indianretailer. com/article/sector-watch/food-and- grocery/Standing-against-each-other-1489/ 6 1. 5. Research Objectives 1. To identify the market share and nature of competition of Indian retail industry. 2. To understand the market segmentation of the industry. 3. To conduct PEST analysis for the industry. . To study the difference between standalone and conglomerate diversification in the industry. 5. To analyze the mergers and acquisitions carried out in the industry. 6. To study the international exposure of the industry. 7. To determine the technologies used in the industry. 8. To study the marketing initiatives carried out by the industry 9. To analyze the future prospects of the industry. 10. To Compare the Indian retail industry with US, UK and France. 7 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 2. 1. IntroductionThe size of Indian retail is about US $350 billion but it is highly unorganized. Indian retail is dominated by 15mn independent retailers consisting of kirana stores, chemists, footwear shops, apparel shops, paan and bedi s talls, handcart and pavement vendors, which together makes up ‘unorganized market’. 7 But this situation will not be the same always specially with the fact that multinational companies are trying to enter Indian market. Investors view India as an attractive investment destination. India stands at 4th attractive location for FDI (Ernst & Young, 2012).In 2011, Global retail development index (GRDI) stated that â€Å"time to enter Indian market is now†(Kearney,2011). Some major retailers in India (Kumar, 2011)? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Food & grocery: Big Bazaar, Food Bazaar Consumer electronics : e-zone Entertainment : Bowling Co. Books, Music and gifts : Depot Fashion and accessories Electronic retailers Time wear retailers Pharmaceutical retailers Telecom retailers Jewellery retailers Footwear retailers Catering service retailers 2. 2. Conditions in Retail IndustriesGlobally, A survey in small towns in Minnesota (Brennan,1991) showed that specialized services, offe ring better quality products and improved customer service were most successful strategies while sales & promotions and lowering prices were least successful. It was observed that consumers are more focussed on new discounts compared to old ones. (Brennan, 2000). A survey conducted in south India showed some decision making styles of south Indian peoples, mainly brand conscious, high quality conscious, confused by over choice style and recreational shopper style. (Canabal,M. E,2002).Until 2011 ,Indian central government denied FDI in multi brand retail and even single brand retail was limited to 51% ownership. In November 2011, India’s central government 7 Business monitor international(Indian retail report Q1,2012) 9 announced retail reforms for both multi brand and single brand retail. In December 2011, under pressure from opposition Indian government placed retail reforms on hold till it reached to a consensus. The reforms for single-brand stores to enter Indian market but on a condition that 30% goods should be purchased from local suppliers was approved by the Government in January 2011.Organized retail is increasing at the rate of 45-50% per annum and increases its share to 16% by 2012. On the other hand unorganized retail is increasing at the rate of 10%. Major increase can be seen in personal care, jewellery, sports goods and beverages. 8 According to A associates report, some of the benefits of multi-brand retail are ? ? ? Removal of intermediary Job creation No threat to kiranas India has been ranked as the most attractive nation for retail industry among 30 emerging markets. (Senjam Dwijorani, Consolidation phase in Indian retail industry).According to a Mc Kinsey & company report titled â€Å"The great Indian Bazaar: organized retail comes of age in India†. Organized retail is supposed to increase from 5% in 2008 to 14-18% by 2015. Private labels contribute to 10-12 % of organized retail industry and are growing very rapidly. Key play ers being Westside, Shoppers stop, Spencers, Future group, Reliance and Bharti walmart. Highest penetration is by Westside at 90% followed by reliance at 80% and pantaloons at 75%. Shoppers stop and spencers have 20 and 10% respectively.According to Deloitte’s report on â€Å"Global powers of retailing 2013 , Retail beyond†, the retail industry grows despite difficult economic condition. Most of 250 retailers posted an increase in retail revenue with most of the companies experiencing declining sales. The top 250 maintained a healthy 3. 8 % composite net profit in 2011,matching the industries 2010 result. The average size of top 250 companies in 2011,as measured by retail revenue topped US$17 billion. A crisil report shows the Indian retail market is most fragmented in the world and only 2% compromises of organized sector. This shows potential for growth is immense. ASA & Associates report, August 2012 10 Chapter 3 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 11 3. 1. Market Share and Nature of Competition The current retail segment contributes 22% of the country’s GDP and 8% of the total employment. And more over India has emerged as the fifth most favourable destination for international retailers9. According to AT Kearney’s GRDI (2012) â€Å"India remains a high potential market with accelerated retail growth of 15-20% expected over the next five years†. India retail sector values US$ 350 billion and is growing at a rate of 15-20%, as per Pricewaterhousecooper (PWC) research report.Mass grocery and apparel are the two most favoured segments for FDI in multi brand retail in India, according to the study conducted by Deloitte. The FDI inflow in single-brand retail trading during April 2000 to December 2012 stood at US$ 42. 7 million, as per the data released by Dept. of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). A report (KPMG, 2010) indicates that the retail business in India has not able to deliver the expected results, expect a few players. The growth of organized retail trade decreased from 35% in 2007-08 to 10% in 200-09.Food and Grocery segment has been dominated by retailers not organized till date, except a few players like Big Bazaar (Food bazaar), Reliance (Reliance Fresh), RPG (Spencer’s), and AV Birla Group (More). Organized retail is in continuous increase compared from past. Retail can be classified in different sectors such as Food & Grocery, Clothing, Durables goods, Shoes, Furniture, Services, Catering, Jewellery & Watches, Books, Music & Gifts, Mobile phones etc.. Figure : 3. 1 Grocery sales across countries (2010) 18. 40% 12. 40% 11. 10% 10% 3% India Source: IGD international 9 2% USA China Russia Brazil UK ww. ibef. org 12 The highest penetration of private label products is by Trent at 90%, followed by Reliance 80% and Pantaloons 75%, big retailers such as Shoppers Stop and Spencer’s have a penetration of 20% and 10%. 10 Figure : 3. 2 Market Breakup by Revenue (2011) 17% 3% 6% 4% 10% 60% Food and Grocery clothing & fashion Beauty & wellness Electronics Furniture & Furnishing others Source: Indian retail market sep 2011, Delioitte Aranca research The Net Revenues of the top retailers in India; Figure : 3. 3 Retailer Food Bazaar Spencer’s Reliance Fresh More Nilgiri’s Source: annual reports of the companies 010-11(Crs. ) 215. 1 98. 46 127. 67 163. 7 80. 49 2011-12(Crs. ) 298. 09 120. 62 210. 45 236. 8 97. 70 3. 2. Market Segmentation 3. 2. 1. Segment analysis The Indian economy is growing rapidly. An important contribution is made by the growing number of shopping malls. Shopping malls became a centre of attraction or a hang-out place in metro cities. There are development plans proposed 150 new malls in 2008. But what this does is we forget or ignore the traditional retail formats (pedlars, grocery stores and tobacco 10 Consolidation phase in Indian Retail Industry, Senjam. 3 shops etc. ). They continue to co-exist with the modern formats. Modern retail has help ed companies to companies to increase consumption and hence the demand for their products on the market. For example, Indian consumers would normally consume rice sold to the neighbouring Kiranas viz Kolam for everyday use. With the introduction of organized retail trade, it has been noted that the sale of Basmati rice increased by four times that he was a few years back: as a top quality, rice (Basmati) is now available at almost the same price as the normal price at local Kirana.Thus we can see the way a product is displayed, spoken and contiguous and how he won the heart and the minds of consumers affects its sales. It consumption continues to increase in the way; we can say that the local market would go through a metamorphosis of a change. This means that non- union retail trade would suffer a serious setback due to the outdated technology, poor supply chain, inadequate marketing etc. Thus, local stores would soon become things of the past or limited unexpected last minute purc hase. And it is also observed that avg. consumption of Indian consumer will come down to 34% in CY2015 and in addition up to 25% in CY2025.This indicates that, with gradual increase in income levels, Indian consumers are spending more on products of lifestyle or pimping the economies of lifestyle retail value. 11 Currently most popular organized retail formats are; ? Shopping Malls: Malls are larger form of organized retail today. These are mainly located in metropolitan cities, close to urban periphery. The field of shopping centres varies from 60000 m? to 7, 00,000 m? and above. The idea is to provide an ideal shopping experience that includes a mix of products, services and entertainment all under one roof.Some examples are Inorbit mall, Ansal Plaza etc. Specialty stores : These are the stores that focuses on specific market segments, specializing on particular products such as entertainment and leisure, gifts and so on. The most notable among these include channels such as Cross word, Planet M etc. Discounters: As its name suggests, the shops or factory stores, offer discounts on MRP by selling in bulk to achieve economies of scale or surplus stocks in season over. The category includes various perishable goods/ non-perishable. Example: Subhiksha. Department Store: Stores ranging from 20000-50000 Ft? responding to the diverse needs of the consumers. It includes localized departments like clothing, toys, home, groceries etc. the popular among these are Big Bazaar, D-Mart etc. Hypermarkets/Supermarkets: Big self service outlets, with strong emphasis on Food & Grocery store and personal sales and designated as supermarkets. These can still be divided into mini supermarkets typically from 1000 to 2000 Ft? and large ? ? ? ? 11 McKinnsey Global Institute 14 ? ? supermarkets from 3500 to 5000 Ft?. These stores now contribute to 30% of all Food & Grocery store in organized retail.More, Reliance fresh etc are some examples. Convenience stores: These are relatively l ow (400 – 2000 Ft? ) stores generally located near residential areas. They have a limited range of convenience high-sales of business products in stock and are usually open for long periods during the day, seven days a week. The prices are slightly higher because of premium convenience. MBO: Points of sale multi brands, also known as category killers, offer several brands on a single product category. They are generally well in places of markets occupied and cities. 3. 3. Policy FrameworkSince liberalization several policy measures have been taken with regard to regulation and control, fiscal policy, export and import, taxes, exchange and interest rate regulation, export promotion and incentives to high priority sectors. Food and agricultural industries has made an agreement with high priority a number of important releases and incentives. Some of the major policy changes are as follows: 3. 3. 1. Regulation and Control According to the extant policy, FDI up to 100% allowed un der the automatic route in food infrastructure (Food Park, Cold Chain / Storage).As for food retail FDI policy concerns do not permit foreign direct investment in the retail sector, with the exception of a single retail brand products. This policy is the same for all retail operations. FDI policy for the manufacture reserved for the SSI sector is the same for all items, so reserved and a separate dispensation for the items in the food processing sector is not intended. 3. 3. 2. Fiscal Policy and Taxes Broad fiscal policy changes have been introduced gradually. Excise & Import tariffs have been reduced substantially. Many processed foods are exempt from excise duty.Custom tariffs were substantially reduced on plant and equipment as well as raw materials and intermediates, especially for export production. Corporate taxes were reduced, and there is a shift towards market related interest rates. There are tax incentives for new manufacturing units for certain years, except in sectors s uch as: Beer, wine, soda flavoured with concentrates, confectionery and chocolate, etc. Indian currency (rupee) is now fully convertible for current account and capital account convertibility in the unified exchange rate mechanism is foreseen in the coming years. 15Repatriation of profits is freely permitted in many industries, with certain exceptions, which is another requirement offset by dividend income from exports. 12 3. 3. 3. PEST ANALYSIS PEST analysis is concerned as the environmental influences on the business. The factors are Political, Economical, Social, and Technological. 3. 3. 3. 1. Political Environment Political factors include government policies, fiscal policy, labour laws, safety regulations, competitor regulations, political stability and consumer protection. That influence and limit various organizations and individuals in society.Legislation relating to the retail was damaged many years. Political factors include goods and services that the government wants to provide or provided. 3. 3. 3. 2. Economic Environment Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and inflation rate. These factors have a significant impact on decision-making and business operations. Exchange rates affect the costs of exports of goods and the supply and price of imported goods in the economy. The retail market consists of the purchasing power of people. So the total purchasing power is a function of current income, prices and availability of credit.Changes in economic conditions may affect the business or company. Economic forecasters Looking ahead to the next decade and is likely to find its forecasts of rising costs, shortages and up and down economic cycles. These changes in economic conditions provide new opportunities or threats in the market. 3. 3. 3. 3. Social Environment Social factors include income distribution, population growth rate, age, lifestyle changes, education and living conditions . Society that people grow in their beliefs, values and norms. People live in different parts of the country have different cultural value, which must be analyzed retail person or company.This will help you to understand the business strategy in order to meet the requirements of customers. trend is the social factor will also affect the business for retailers. 12 http://www. punebds. com/pf. asp 16 3. 3. 3. 4. Technological Environment Technological factors include technical aspects such as research and development activities, technology incentives and the rate of change of technological changes, new inventions and development, energy use and costs. They can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production and influence outsourcing decisions.Technological implementation can affect the cost, quality, and this leads to innovation. Technology is extensively used in some of the areas such as: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Packing of the products Billing Mobile point of sale(POS) Digital signage Inventory management Customer s ervice Price changes and auditing RFID and location tracking 3. 3. 4. PORTER’S Five Forces Porter's Five Force model is to analyze the competition model, it helps to understand the nature of competition within the industry, and provides a good, simple but effective framework for the development and understanding of the competitive forces in the industry.Michael Porter created a framework, which identified five forces which act to either increase or decrease the competitive forces in the industry. These five forces is ? ? ? ? ? Threat of new Entrants Power of suppliers Power of buyers Availability of substitutes Competitive rivalry 17 Figure : 3. 4 3. 3. 4. 1. Threat of New Entrants The retail industry has seen a growth of the organized sector in recent years. Even though growth is not diversified, it was still significant enough to affect the unorganized retailers. This industry started ten years ago and has been declining number of independent retailers.If you walk through a ny mall, we notice that most of them are chain stores and there exist only a hand full of independent shops. While barriers to the establishment of trade is not impossible to overcome, the ability to establish favourable supply contracts, leases and be competitive, it becomes virtually impossible. Their vertical structure and centralized shopping gives retailers competitive advantage to independent dealers. 3. 3. 4. 2. Power of Suppliers In 1970, when Sears dominated the household appliance market, which set high standards for quality.Suppliers that did not meet these standards were omitted from Sears line. In this way, retailers have tried to exploit relationships with suppliers. This can be attributed to the fact that in the retail industry, suppliers often have very little power. Take the example of WalMart, which imposes strict controls on their suppliers. Contract with a large retailer like WalMart can make or break a small supplier. 3. 3. 4. 3. Power of Buyers Individually, cu stomers have very little bargaining power with retail stores. The prices offered by the center-stores are usually negotiable.They come with a tag attached saying ‘fixed price. â€Å"It warns the customer from the very entrance to the store, if you want discounted prices. ‘s Very difficult to negotiate. , But as a whole, if customers require high quality products at competitive prices, it helps keep retailers honest. 18 3. 3. 4. 4. Availability of Substitutes There is no shortage such as in the retail sector. This is not a monopoly in the market. The tendency in the retail sector is not specialized in one good or service, but to deal with a wide range of products and services. This means that what one store offers, you will probably find it in a store.Therefore, innovation and product differentiation are essential ingredients necessary to separately in the retail industry. Retailers offering products that are unique or have a clear absolute advantage over their competito rs. 3. 3. 4. 5. Competitive Rivalry There is no market without competition, and there are no better ways than the existence of competitive forces in the market to improve the quality, price, supply chain management, inventory management, etc. Retailers always face stiff competition. The slow growth of the market for the retail market means that companies must fight each other for market share.More recently, they have tried to reduce the cut-throat price competition by offering frequent flyer points, membership and other special services to try to gain customer loyalty. Given the relatively weak financial condition of unorganized retailers and physical space constraints on their expansion prospects of the sector itself is not able to meet the growing demand for retail. Therefore, organized retail, which now represents a small 4% of total retail sector is likely to grow at a much faster pace of 45-50% per annum and quadruple its share in total retail trade to 16% by 2011-12. 3. 4. Bus iness DiversificationDiversification is a form of corporate strategy for a company. It seeks to increase profitability through greater sales volume obtained from new products and new markets. Diversification can occur either at the business unit level or at the corporate level. At the business unit level, it is most likely to expand into a new segment of an industry that the business is already in. At the corporate level, it is generally via investing in a promising business outside of the scope of the existing business unit. The different types of diversification that are discussed in this report are as follows; 3. 4. 1. Standalone DiversificationSelf-contained and usually independently operating. They concentrate only on the specific category of products. Standalone diversification has large relationship with the firm’s current business. 19 3. 4. 2. Conglomerate Diversification The companies markets new products or services that have no technological or commercial synergies with current products but that may appeal to new groups of customers. The conglomerate diversification has very little relationship with the firm's current business. Therefore, the main reasons of adopting such a strategy are first to improve the profitability and the flexibility f the company, and second to get a better reception in capital markets as the company gets bigger. Even if this strategy is very risky, it could also, if successful, provide increased growth and profitability. 3. 4. 3. Future Group (Conglomerate) But while contemporaries like Bharti and Tata has teamed up with Wal-Mart and Tesco in the wholesale business, Future Group has built its business by himself. Talks over sourcing partnership with Lawson Inc. Japan ended without agreement is happening this year. Under the new legal regime, it could be more opportunities for future groups to join forces with international traders.Future Group has recently reorganized its retail assets â€Å"simplification† of business and bring greater clarity to investors for business, Biyani says, and sees further expansion, not least the food in the arm, which he described as â€Å"profitable†. (And he adds: â€Å"Some of the high-margin businesses, where demand is not too high, that when concerns are greater food is good, profitable business .. † This week, the Future Group has acquired Express Retail Services, which operates in Delhi supermarket chain Big Apple. Biyani also outlines its goals for the store chain Food Bazaar. â€Å"Currently there are about 200 Food Bazaar stores. No.Maybe in five years, add another 150 to that number,† he says. 3. 4. 4. Reliance Fresh (Conglomerate) Reliance Industries plans to merge all its retail units within a single entity, which suggests he was not looking for a foreign partner in any of its businesses, a person with direct knowledge of the development said. The company started the process all the club's eight independent retailers, such a s clothing chain Reliance Trends and consumer electronics chain by Reliance Digital Reliance Fresh grocery chain, in a bid to remove defects and improve administrative cooperation and efficiency between different companies, people said.This will allow Reliance Fresh single retail entity by Reliance Retail, the group's holding company for retail sale. Reliance last Monday filed a petition in the Bombay High Court seeking permission for the scheme of arrangement of its several entities, including Reliance Retail, Reliance Fresh, 20 Reliance AutoZone format, car accessories, Reliance Trends, Reliance Footprint footwear chains, consumer electronics chain Media Reliance Digital, Reliance leisure, Reliance Gems and jewellery, and Reliance Replay Gaming. 3. 4. 5. Spencers (Conglomerate)Spencer Retail Ltd (Spencer) is one of the India's multi-format retail chain. Established in 1996, Spencer is a group of RPG Enterprises, one of the leading conglomerates operating in India and subsidiaries Cesc Ltd. In 1989, RPG Spencer won, and in 2005 launched its retail brand in the Spencer. Consequently, it Spencer spread to other retail formats starting Hyper Spencer, super fresh and daily formats. Currently Spencer food markets and food products, clothing and accessories, footwear products, home decor items and equipment and consumer durables. 3. 4. 6.More (Conglomerate) More is a group company Aditya Birla Retail Limited, a leading conglomerate in the retail industry with a clear focus on its vision to be a global company premiums. 3. 5. Mergers and Acquisitions 3. 5. 1. Reliance and BP (Merger) During the year 2010, BP and reliance industries limited made the partnership in the oil and gas business. 13 By announcing the partnership both the companies came to an understanding that BP takes 30% of partnership of 23 oil and gas production sharing contracts that which are done by reliance industries in India.This project would help Indians in getting gas and will help to reduce th e import cost included in gas. The same year reliance industries entered into partnership in us with an agreement of joint venture with the companies Atlas Energy, pioneer Naturals Resources and Carrizo oil & gas by three different joint venture agreements. 14 13 14 http://www. ril. com/html/aboutus/major_milestones. html http://www. ril. com/html/aboutus/major_milestones. html 21 3. 5. 2. Bharti Wal-mart (Merger) In order to lead the retail stores in India, Walmart has begun talks with Bharti enterprises for forming a joint venture.Two companies has equal partnership in wholesale business in India, so they decided to continue their business relationship in retail business by requesting the government to make decision for allowing up to 51% foreign direct investment(FDI) in multi brand retail. 15 The aim of joint venture is to establish wholesale cash-and-carry stores and back-end supply chain management operations in line by taking government guidelines. 3. 5. 3. Spencer's India Li mited (Acquisition) Spencer’s is one of the retail sector which sells food and non food FMCG products16.Spencer’s Retail is a part of the RPG Companies that deals with food, apparel, fashion, electronics, lifestyle products, music and books . More over it offers services like gift vouchers and easy loans. 17 Spencer’s has expanded its food retail chain by bringing food world that has been brought over by RPG group18 . The Company has filed an application with the Honourable High Court of Calcutta for merger of its wholly owned subsidiary company Music World Retail Limited with the Company, effective from 1 January 2012, which is pending approval as of date19. 3. 6. International ExposureIn the year 2006-07 ,the size of food industry in India was established at around Rs 8,80,000 crores in that the food industry accounts for around 374000 crores. Now growth of Indian food processing industry is up to 13% per annum20. 3. 6. 1. Dairy Dairy firms are one of the main contributors of Indian food industry among various sectors. In 2006-07 the size was 198000 crores & it is estimated to be 366484 crores by 2015. The states of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab and Haryana have established many dairy co-operatives running successfully. Most of the packed milk segment is 15 16 http://www. bharti-walmart. n/Overview-CareerAtBhartiWalmart. aspx http://info. shine. com/company/Spencers-Retail/204. aspx 17 http://info. shine. com/company/Spencers-Retail/204. aspx 18 http://www. cesc. co. in/cesc/web/investor/helpdesk/document/sub/Spencer%60s%20Retail_Annual%20Repo rt_2011-12. pdf 19 http://www. cesc. co. in/cesc/web/investor/helpdesk/document/sub/Spencer%60s%20Retail_Annual%20Repo rt_2011-12. pdf 20 Cifti. org/Reports/Ficci_Technopak%2008. pdf 22 dominated by co-operatives it contributes about 70% of the total revenues. In the milk products India, the reports have given that demand is growing faster than supply.The recent rise in milk prices have forced Indian government to Impose a ban on skimmed milk products and reduce Incentives for exports. Many products like Ghee, Curd, etc. has demand more and they are sold as unbranded in Indian market. As the health consciousness among people is increasing day by day ,the demand for milk is increasing in the market. Exports of milk from India to south east Asia countries have grown rapidly. The ice-cream industry though it is widespread is suffering from shortage of cold chain infrastructure and lack of big players in India. 3. 6. 2. Non-Alcoholic Beverages These are of two types namely; ? Carbonated and Non-carbonated drinks Some of the hot beverages are tea and coffee. Almost Rs. 5000 crores was accounted by fruit juices and fruit based drinks. The annual growth rate would be 10-12% India is the biggest country to produce tea in the world accounting for 28% of the total global production at 956 million kg's. Tea production in India is being increasingly improving year by yea r whose turnover itself is above Rs. 8000 crores. The growth has become 1. 2% per annum. India is the 4th largest exporter of tea in the world and it is also the 5th largest producer of coffee which is accounting up to 4% of total production in world.Almost everything produced is being exported. It came up to 75% of produced tea and coffee is exported21 The competitor for US food processing is Indian domestic industry. As it has the best climatic conditions it has got advantage to produce the agricultural goods and potential to cultivate the wide range of raw materials. some of the Indian companies have increased their market share by decreasing the prices for the products while import duties on food and ingredients have become relatively costly. The existing food laws will restrict the producers to use the ingredients, colors, flavors.Thus it has become the additional challenge to the US exporters interested in Indian market. 21 Food. export. org/resources/countryprofiledetail. cfm ? itemnumber=1015 23 3. 7. Technologies used in retail industry Retail industry is one of the most growing industry in the world today with a market share of above 50% with organized sector having a share of 5% whereas unorganized sector has over 90% of share22. Now the factor is to know how to maintain such share. moreover food & grocery alone takes around 62% of market share within retail industry.Everyday thousands of thousands transaction are done in retail market let it be regarding food & grocery or may be some apparels or some clothing. But it's really difficult to manage the details about all these. How to keep complete track of all the products? Earlier people used pen and paper techniques but will that suffice present days requirement. The answer to this question is a big No , it is not possible to implement such techniques today. At this part technology plays a vital role today. Storing the data in a proper manner so that whenever it is required can be fetched immediately without any delay.Database, Data warehousing, Data mining are some of the tools used nowadays for storing and retrieving data efficiently. Forecasting is used to predict future demand, e-commerce used online order and purchasing, The next part discusses how exactly each of the technology has played important role in retail industry. ? Forecasting tools are used to predict the total demand of any product in the near future based on the present or past purchase made by consumers. their details are saved on a computer and based on that prediction is made how much will be actually required to suffice the requirement.Database used to store details about a product how much is in the inventory, what is the amount that has been sold, who are the purchasers of such product, what is the buying frequency of the particular product etc. This is done using barcode scanners or RFID tags that is attached with the particular product. Barcode was the idea of two college students which actually came into effect on the late 1940’s and early 1950’s. Barcode is a code made of series of lines based on morse code and movie equipment. How it is read is by using incandescent light and an oscilloscope23.RFID tags uses radio waves to identify things automatically at any time. it can either be active with their own means of sending signals or passive like using a reader to read the details. Tag may contain manufacturing date, lot number, and serial number. Use of Credit card, debit card to pay for the products purchased can also be added to the technological usage in retail industry. Using cell phones as a medium to intimidate the consumers about any new offers on any product. ? ? ? ? ? 22 23 www. cci. in www. barcode-printing. co. uk/history-of-barcodes. htm 24 ?Use of e-commerce has been the bottle neck of retail industry now. with the ease of ordering stuffs with a click of a button, paying after receiving the product and other facilities has really made life of human be ings easy. Reliance Fresh, Spencer’s, Nilgiri’s, More, Big Bazaar and all uses such technologies. Food and grocery segment comprises mostly of all packed items having barcode on the backside through which its manufacturing date, expiry date, price can be monitored. 3. 8. Marketing Initiatives There are a lot of retail companies coming up nowadays but how to introduce it to public.The best way is advertisement in terms of television ads, hoardings, newspapers, etc. This section discuss about how exactly few retail companies has used advertising a tool to introduce their product to public. For this project five major food and grocery companies in India, viz. Reliance Fresh, Spencer’s, More, Nilgiri’s and Big Bazaar are considered. 3. 8. 1. Reliance fresh Reliance fresh with its splendid combination of red and green colour logo reflects a green environment. Their major advertising types are ? ? ? ? ? Print or broadcast ads through newspapers.Packaging throug h carry bags. Directories like in telephone directories. Audio materials like announcements through radio. Point-of-purchase displays as in when customers reach billing point they can see special offers or promotions. Other ways of promoting are direct marketing through e-mails, messages and personal selling through face to face interaction with customers. 3. 8. 2. Spencer mart Spencer follows same pattern as reliance like packaging, print ads, Audio materials, TV ads but one addition to it is every week a new published ad can be seen in local stores or website. 5 3. 8. 3. More More comes with orange colour logo having tag line â€Å"for you† or â€Å"hamesha extra†. More advertises through newspapers, online advertisement, packaging, etc. They promote by offering discounts and promoting traditional and local specialities during festive season. 3. 8. 4. Nilgiri’s Niligiri’s started in 1905 has a logo of green colour . It is a supermarket chain in south In dia. The major selling product in Nilgiri’s is fresh vegetables with hygienic and superior qualities. Advertising is very essential for promoting of products that led to the growth of Nilgiri’s.Direct marketing, personal selling, store promotion, sales promotion are other ways of advertising the product. 3. 8. 5. Big Bazaar Big Bazaar’s logo comes in orange and blue colour with tagline as †Is se sasta aur accha kahin nahi†. Some of its marketing initiatives taken arePromotional offers? â€Å"saal ke sabse saste 3 din†. ? â€Å"Hafte ka sabse sasta din(Wednesday bazaar)†. ? Exchange offers †Junk swap offer†. ? Future card(3% discount). ? Shakti card. ? Advertisement(print ad,radio,newspaper). ? Endorsement by M. S. Dhoni 3. 9. Future OutlookRetail industry in India, as we know, is one of the fast growing industry which accounts for 22% of its GDP at present24. The sector consist of only 5% of organized market and the rest und er unorganized which shows that there is a wide opportunity for large scale companies in the Indian market (Singh, 2012). The proposal of FDI was considered for taking up the growth of the Indian retail market during early 1990's. It was in the year 1991, the Government has opened up the retail market to FDI through a series of steps which are; (Singh 2012) 24 http://www. ibef. org/industry/retail-india. spx 26 Table : 3. 1 1995 ? World Trade of Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services, which includes both Wholesale and Retailing services, came into effect. FDI in cash-and-carry (wholesale) with 100% rights allowed under the Government approval route. FDI in cash-and-carry (wholesale) brought under the automatic route. Up to 51% investment in single-brand retail outlet permitted. 100% FDI in single brand retail and 51 % in Multi-brand retail. 1997 ? 2006 ? ? 2012 ? In the year 2007, the Indian retail market stood at Rs 1. 33 billion witnessing a growth of 10. %. In this , organized sector shared only 5. 9%, but itself showed a growth of 42. 7%. It was expected to maintain a much faster growth in the next 3 years (IMAGES F&R Research, 2009). As part of the action taken by the Government in 2006 regarding FDI, Wal-Mart has made an agreement with Bharti Enterprises to establish a joint venture, Bharti Wal-Mart private limited, for wholesale cash-and-carry and back-end supply chain management operations in India in the year 200725. This was a decision taken by Wal-Mart as the FDI policies were not favourable for retailing.The foreign retailers were still waiting for the Government to revamp their policies on FDI in retailing. Even though there was a fast growth in organized sector, it's penetration in the market was only 8-9% during 2009 which is very low as compared with countries like US, France etc with 60-80% penetration level26. During these days, the retail market looked gloomy and experts reported this will last for the next few months which wil l reduce the growth in organized retail sector. In 2011, the market stood at USD 396 billion. It was clear that acceptance of FDI in retail became essential for another growth to attain27.Also, according to A T Kearney's Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) 2012, India is the fifth most attracted market for International retailers and also the market is expected to show a growth of 15-20% over the next five years. 25 26 http://corporate. walmart. com/our-story/locations/india http://www. investindia. gov. in/? q=retailing-sector 27 http://www. deloitte. com/assets/Dcom-India/Local%20Assets/Documents/Indian_Retail_Market. pdf 27 Growth in organized sector can be achieved through retaining and attracting more customers in the future.Also the retailers ability to manage supply chain efficiently, increase the operational efficiency through economies of scale, serviceability and optimal space management are certain other factors that can achieve growth in organized sector (Karthikeyan, 2010). Also the usage of various tools like, GIS (Geographic Information System ); which helps the retailers to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and present all types of geographical data which is highly used for locating and shifting of their stores to specific areas; are considered (Mishra, 2009).The International retailers updates on the Indian status for FDI which allows them to enter the market with less constraints and more freedom. As the Government had not supported the foreign retailers negotiation in terms of the investment, they are still in doubt to establish in the market. For the organized sector to grow further, there should be some foreign investment and that which can show the growth of 15-20% in the next five years. 3. 10. Comparison of Indian retail industry with US, UK and France.As the study shows that the top 5 global retailers are from US, UK and France, comparison study of Indian retail industry with these countries are done on the basis of the si ze of the industry, the major retailers within the country and the nature of competition within the country. Among the retailers above, it's clear that US is the top on the basis of the size of the industry followed by France and UK. But the most attracted retail market among the above countries is India. The comparison given below explains more about the growth of these markets between 2007 and 2011. . 10. 1. Size of Industry The size of the retail industries of India (Singh, 2012) (Assistant Professor, Global Institute of Management & Technology, Noida) 28, USA29, UK30 and France31 in the year 2007 and 2011 are shown in the figure below; In the French scenario, the value for the year 2010 was mentioned as USD 349. 65 billion. From the source it is established that, the growth was following a compound annual growth 28 29 http://www. dnb. co. in/IndianRetailIndustry/overview. asp http://www. slideshare. net/hitaishi9/retail-assignment, http://www. lideshare. net/hitaishi9/retailassi gnment 30 http://www. prospectsnet. com/cms/ShowPage/Home_page/Industry_insights/Retail/overview/p! egiLLL, http://raceforopportunity. bitc. org. uk/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/RaceforOpportunity/Retail%20Sector. p df 31 http://industryreviewstore. blogspot. in/2012/04/future-of-retailing-in-france-to-2016. html 28 rate of 4. 5% from 2006-2010. Hence, the value of the industry in 2007 is calculated as USD 304. 55 billion32. Figure : 3. 5 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 India US UK France 2007 2011The above figure shows the growth of the retail industries of the mentioned countries between 2007 and 2011. The growth rate is more for India and France than UK and US. The retail markets in UK and US are almost in a saturation state whereas the Indian retail market which is mostly unorganized has a wide range of opportunity for the modern retailers. The global retailers will be certainly looking forward to enter into Indian market as its organized sector is yet to grow. 32 http://www. slideshare. net/Allystephen/retailin-france-2011kh 29 3. 10. 2.Major Retailers, Their Market Shares and Nature of Competition The top 5 retailers in the four countries are given below and their market shares are shown in their respective regions33; Figure : 3. 6 Wal-Mart 6% Metro Group Aditya Birla 6% 6% Future Group 54% RETAILERS IN INDIA Reliance Retail 28% The study shows that Future Group is the market leader in Indian retail industry with a market share of 54%. Followed by the challenger, Reliance Retail has a share of 28%. The next three retailers have almost equal shares which show that there is a tight competition within the followers.Figure : 3. 7 RETAILERS IN USA 11% 11% 11% 52% Wal-Mart Kroger Target 15% Walgreens Costco 33 http://www. planetretail. net/Presentations/grocery-2012-web. pdf 30 In USA, the retail industry is lead by Wal-Mart with a market share of 52% followed by four other retailers Kroger, Target, Walgreens and Costco with respective market sh ares of 15% for Kroger and 11% each for the rest of them. This shows that there is a tight competition within the four companies. The Indian and US retail industries are having almost same nature of competition. Figure : 3. 8 RETAILERS IN UK 0% 15% 37% Tesco Sainsbury 19% 19% Walmart Morrisons Co-operative Group The retail industry in UK has different combinations of market shares among the companies. The chart shows that none of them is having more than 50% of the market share. The market leader is Tesco with 37% market share followed by Sainsbury and Walmart with 19% each. Morrisons is only 4% behind the two companies which shows that there is a strong competition between all the retailers in UK. Figure : 3. 9 RETAILERS IN FRANCE 14% 17% 28% Carrefour Leclerc Casino 18% 23% ITM Auchan 31Study shows that there exists a similar competition within the companies in France as in UK. Even though Carrefour is having the higher market share of 28% than the other retailers, Leclerc which h olds the second position with a market share of 23% is not far behind. The rest of the companies have a competition within themselves as they have market shares between 14% and 18%. 32 Chapter 4 CONCLUSION 33 The report analysed in detail, the retail industry in India. The research initially started with the collection of data about the Indian retail industry as a whole, and then moved onto global scenario of retail industries.Also, issues regarding the foreign direct investment(FDI) in the retail sector is covered. The key players currently operating in the retail industry and the bottlenecks that the retail industry is facing in India are also analysed. Based on the findings, the future outlook of the Indian retail industry is mentioned in the report. 4. 1. Major Findings 1) The Retail sector in India is split up into two, the organised and the unorganised. 2) In terms of value the size of the retail sector in India is $350 billion. The organised sector contributes about 5%of the total trade. ) The retail sector in India contributes 10% to the Gross Domestic Product and 8% to the employment of the country. 4) In terms of growth the FMCG retail sector is the fastest growing unit. 5) The foreign retail giants were initially restricted from making investments in India. But now FDI is permitted 51% for multi brand retailing and 100%for single brand retailing. Again they can enter the markets through franchises. The report concludes that, retail industry in India has a very bright future prospect as it is undergoing through a transaction phase.It is expected to enrich the Indian economy in terms of Income and employment. The retail industry in India has come forth as one of the major dynamic and fast paced industries with several players entering the market. From analysis & other reports and surveys it is quite clear that Indian retail players are now all set and ready to triumph over the organised retail sector. The Indian retail industry is now on a verge to ex perience speed actions and competitions, allowing the consumers to get the best deals out of it. 34 Chapter 5 REFERENCES 35REFERENCES 1. www. moneycontrol. com 2. www. ibef. org 3. Pricewaterhousecooper research 4. Deloitte research 5. www. Livemint. com 6. http://www. indianretailer. com/article/sector-watch/food-and-grocery/Standingagainst-each-other-1489/ 7. Business monitor international(Indian retail report Q1,2012) 8. ASA & Associates report, August 2012 9. http://www. punebds. com/pf. asp 10. http://www. managementparadise. com/forums/principles-management-p-o-m/208682pest-analysis-retail-industry. html 11. http://encyclopedia. thefreedictionary. com/PEST+analysis 12.